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Anaximenes of Miletus
Anaximenes of Miletus (; (ギリシア語:Ἀναξιμένης); c. 585 – c. 528 BCE) was an Ancient Greek Pre-Socratic philosopher active in the latter half of the 6th century BC.〔Lindberg, David C. “The Greeks and the Cosmos.” ''The Beginnings of Western Science''. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2007. 28.〕〔Graham, Daniel W. "Anaximenes". The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. 29.10.2009 ().〕 One of the three Milesian philosophers, he is identified as a younger friend or student of Anaximander.〔Kirk, G.S., J.E. Raven, and M. Schofield. "Anaximenes of Miletus." ''The Presocratic Philosophers''. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1984. 143.〕〔Guthrie, W.K.C. "The Milesians: Anaximenes." ''A History of Greek Philosophy''. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1962. 115.〕 Anaximenes, like others in his school of thought, practiced material monism.〔Lindberg, David C. "The Greeks and the Cosmos." ''The Beginnings of Western Science''. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2007. 29.〕〔 This tendency to identify one specific underlying reality made up of a material thing is what Anaximenes is principally known for today.
==Anaximenes and the Arche==
While his predecessors Thales and Anaximander proposed that the ''archai'' (singular: ''arche'', meaning the underlying material of the world) were water and the ambiguous substance ''apeiron'', respectively, Anaximenes asserted that air was this primary substance of which all other things are made(It should be noted that Anaximenes' idea of air, or aer, is more like a dense mist that what we think of as air, which is ideally transparent). The choice of air may seem arbitrary, but Anaximenes based his conclusion on naturally observable phenomena in the processes of rarefaction and condensation.〔Guthrie, W.K.C. "The Milesians: Anaximenes." ''A History of Greek Philosophy''. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1962. 116.〕 When air condenses it becomes visible, as mist and then rain and other forms of precipitation. As the condensed air cools Anaximenes supposed that it went on to form earth and ultimately stones. In contrast, water evaporates into air, which ignites and produces flame when further rarefied.〔Guthrie, W.K.C. "The Milesians: Anaximenes." ''A History of Greek Philosophy''. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1962. 124-126.〕 While other philosophers also recognized such transitions in states of matter, Anaximenes was the first to associate the quality pairs hot/dry and cold/wet with the density of a single material and add a quantitative dimension to the Milesian monistic system.〔〔Kirk, G.S., J.E. Raven, and M. Schofield. "Anaximenes of Miletus." ''The Presocratic Philosophers''. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1984. 146.〕
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